A wall painting that might depict the ancient Anatolian city of Çatalhöyük (previously known as Catal Huyuk or Çatal Hüyük) has been dated to the late 7th millennium BCE. What is the earliest known map is a matter of some debate, both because the term 'map' is not well-defined and because some artifacts that might be maps might actually be something else. Modern cartography constitutes many theoretical and practical foundations of geographic information systems (GIS) and geographic information science (GISc).Ĭopy (1472) of St. Orchestrate the elements of the map to best convey its message to its audience.This is also the concern of generalization. Reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped.Eliminate characteristics of the mapped object that are not relevant to the map's purpose.Represent the terrain of the mapped object on flat media.Traits may be physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract, such as toponyms or political boundaries. Set the map's agenda and select traits of the object to be mapped.The fundamental objectives of traditional cartography are to:

Combining science, aesthetics and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality (or an imagined reality) can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively. Cartography ( / k ɑːr ˈ t ɒ ɡ r ə f i/ from Greek χάρτης chartēs, 'papyrus, sheet of paper, map' and γράφειν graphein, 'write') is the study and practice of making and using maps.

Cartographica lpk